Accountability in 4-D: Changing approaches in contemporary philanthropy

This chapter explores accountability as an evolving feature of philanthropic life, emphasizing its necessity for foundations seeking to influence social change. It notes that philanthropy's varied forms and networks mean accountability expressions are in flux, particularly due to power asymmetries in private giving. The author argues for the increasing importance of "accountability by judgment" over "accountability by standards," especially as philanthropic actors become intertwined with governmental spheres and face growing public scrutiny.