Changing institutional rules: The evolution of corporate philanthropy, 1883-1953

This academic article provides an early critique of strategic philanthropy, exploring how foundations and donors attempt to apply business principles to social giving. It discusses the tensions between long-term strategic planning and the unpredictable, emergent nature of social change. The author warns against overly technocratic approaches and calls for balance between measurement-driven giving and responsiveness to community needs. The paper laid groundwork for future debates on philanthropic effectiveness.