Philanthropy and its critics: a history

Cunningham critically examines the evolution of philanthropy, juxtaposing its early reformist aims with modern critiques. He argues that philanthropy has consistently served as a political instrument, capable of both transformative action and the displacement of state responsibilities within a neoliberal framework. The chapter calls for a reconceptualization of philanthropic legitimacy and power, acknowledging its historical contradictions and the motivations behind modern giving.