The risks of being a philanthropist: A risk-ethical analysis of philanthropy

This paper explores the risks associated with philanthropic action for both the philanthropist and third parties, applying risk-ethical decision approaches. It argues that philanthropy, like economic actions, involves complex decision-making under uncertainty, and good intentions alone are insufficient. The discussion highlights that philanthropists are increasingly expected to apply the same standards of accountability and impact assessment to their giving as they do to their economic activities. Using practical examples and theoretical considerations, the paper elaborates on specific risks and proposes three parameters to minimize the probability and potential damage of these risks